Kubuka kwa chikhoso cha mbalame (Aiv) ku South Africa

Pa Julayi 28, 2021, South Africa yikamanyiska nkhuku 7 za H5N1 izo zikupangiska matenda ghanandi ku Western Cape. 6, nkhuku 835 zikaŵa na nthenda iyi, 6,826 zikafwa, ndipo 246,000 zikakomeka. Vinthu vindachitike makora ku South Africa kufuma apo chikhoso cha viyuni chikambira mu Epulero chaka chino, ndipo vinthu vichali viheni chomene mazuŵa ghano.

Chikhoso cha mbalame chikayamba kakwamba ku Italy mu 1878. Iyi ndiyo mbiri yakwamba ya chikhoso cha mbalame. Kufuma apo ŵakasangira ku Hong Kong mu 1997 kuti ŵanthu nawo ŵangakoleka na nthenda ya chikhoso cha viyuni, mabungwe gha vyaumoyo pa charu chose ghakuŵika chomene mtima pa nthenda iyi. Kufuma nyengo iyo, nthenda iyi yikaŵa kuti yikuthandazgika nyengo na nyengo ku Asia, kweni kufuma mu Disembala 2003, chikhoso cha viyuni chikathandazgika chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya ku East Asia-chomenechomene ku Vietnam, South Korea, na Thailand-ndipo chikakoma ŵalwari ŵanandi ku Vietnam. Mpaka pakati pa 2005, muliri uwu ukawoneska waka vimanyikwiro vyakuti ukumara yayi, kweni ukalutilira kuthandazgika. Paliso milandu mu vyaru vinandi vyakutali chomene nga ni Eastern Europe.

Nkhongono

Kukhwaska chuma

Mu vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo nthenda ya chikhoso cha mbalame yayamba, chifukwa cha kughanaghanirapo vya kuvikilira nkhuku, nkhuku zizamukomeka pa mlingo ukuru pafupi na apo muliri uwu ulipo, ndipo ivi vizamukhwaska chomene ntchito ya kubaba nkhuku. Mulili wa chikhoso cha mbalame uzamukhwaskaso chigomezgo cha ŵakugula ndipo uzamukhwaska mafakitale ghakupanga vyakurya. Pakughanaghanira vya kuvikilira nthenda iyi, vyaru vinyake na vigaŵa vinyake vizamuleka kuguliska nkhuku na vinthu vinyake kufuma ku malo agho ghakhwaskika, ndipo ivi vizamukhwaska chuma.

Maboma gha vyaru vinyake na vigaŵa vinyake ghakughanaghanira umo muliri wa chikhoso cha viyuni ukukhwaskira chomene chuma ndipo ghazamukanizga na kubisa kuti chikhoso cha viyuni chileke kuchitika mu vyaru vyawo. Ndipouli, kubisa muliri uwu kanandi kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuvikilira muliri uwu ndiposo kuti muliri uwu usazgikirengeko chomene. Kuumaliro wa 2004, Nduna yikuru ya Thailand, Thaksin Shinawatra, yikaphepiska pakweru ku caru cose cifukwa cakuti boma lake likabisa muliri wa chikhoso ca viyuni.

Kukhwaska ŵanthu

Mulili wa chikhoso cha viyuni uwo ukachitika mu Disembala 2004, ukathandazgika mu vyaru vinandi. Padera pa malipoti ghakuti ŵanthu ŵakakoleka na chikhoso cha mbalame ku Vietnam na Thailand, ŵanthu ŵakakolekaso ku China. Pa Disembala 2, 2007, munthu munyake wa vyaka 24--kufuma ku msumba wa Nanjing, mu chigaŵa cha Jiangsu, China Wakasangika na nthenda ya chikhoso cha mbalame ndipo wakafwa zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Pa 3rd, adada ŵake nawo ŵakasangika na nthenda ya chikhoso cha viyuni. Ŵakati wakaŵa makora apo ŵakamuwombora. Chifukwa cha matenda agha chikamanyikwa yayi, ntheura vikumanyikwa yayi. Mphekesera zikuti wakufwa wakarya nkhuku. Nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara nthenda iyi mbachoko chomene, kweni chifukwa chakuti mu 1918 kukaŵa nthenda yikuru ya chikhoso cha ku Spain, nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakufipa mtima usange chikhoso cha viyuni chikukhwaska ŵanthu na vinyama. Virusi la H5N1 avian influenza ilo lasangika m’paka sono lindasazgikeso na mavairasi gha ŵanthu, ndipo palije ukaboni wakukwana wakuti nthenda iyi yingathandazgika ku ŵanthu-ku ŵanthu, ndipo pali mwaŵi uchoko wakuti yingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafwe.

Kukhwaska chilengiwa

Virusi la Avian influenza lingakhwaska viyuni vya mu thengere, chomenechomene viyuni vya mu maji. Viyuni vinandi vya mu maji vizamuwungana pa nyengo ya kusamuka, nyengo ya chiwuvi na nyengo ya nyengo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu malo agha ndipo virus iyi njambura kusuzga kuthandazgika, ndipo yikunanga vinthu vinandi. Pulogalamu ya United Nations yakukhwaskana na chilengiwa yikati mitundu 36 ya viyuni vya mu thengere ivyo vikusowa chomene, kusazgapo viyuni vya bar-headed geese, viyuni vichokovichoko vituŵa-kunthazi, stork yituŵa ya kumafumiro gha dazi, na white crane, vikukhwaskika na chikhoso cha viyuni. Ŵakughanaghana kuti mu muliri wa chikhoso cha viyuni mu chilimwe cha 2005, viyuni vyakujumpha chimoza pa vigaŵa khumi vya viyuni vya pa charu chose ivyo vikaŵa na mutu wa bar{9}} vikafwa. Pakuti virus ya chikhoso cha viyuni yingathandazgika pakati pa viyuni, ndipo malo ghanyake agho viyuni vikukhalamo ghakusangikamo ŵanthu ŵanandi, ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha chikhoso cha viyuni pa viyuni vinyake vingaŵa vyakofya chomene.

Kupeŵa na kulaŵilira

Kuti tileke kukhwaskika na chikhoso cha mbalame, tikwenera kwamba dankha na uko nthenda iyi yikufuma. Malipoti ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakalongora kuti malo ghakubaba nkhuku ghakujumphizga ni chinthu chakuzirwa chomene icho chikupangiska kuti virus ya chikhoso cha viyuni yisinthe. Ntheura, kunozga malo ghakubaba nkhuku na kuchepeska unandi wa nkhuku izo zikubaba mu mafamu ni nthowa yikuru yakutetezera kusintha kwa virus ya avian influenza na kuthandazgika kwa matenda nyengo yitali. Kusunga mitundu yakupambanapambana ya nkhuku paŵekha kukuwovwiraso kuti nthenda iyi yileke kuthandazgika: bakha, nkhuku zikusungika paŵekha, ivyo vingapangiska kuti nkhuku zileke kukoleka na virus ya bakha na nkhuku ndipo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafwe.

Kuyezga

Kuyezgeka kwaluŵiro kwa antigen ya virus ya chikhoso cha mbalame ni nthowa yakuyezgera ya immunochromatographic iyo yikupangiska kuti ŵamanye makora antigen ya virus ya chikhoso cha mbalame (AIVAg) mu vyakufumiska kufuma ku m’mapapo gha mbalame, cloaca, panji m’matumbo.

Nyengo yakuyezgera: Mphindi 5-10

Kalonga

Kuyezgeka kwa luŵiro kwa antigen ya virus ya Avian Influenza kukuthemba pa kuyezgeka kwa immunochromatographic kwa sandwich. Chipangizo cha kuyezgeka chili na windo lakuyezgera kuti liwone umo assay yikuchitika na kuŵazga vyakuchitika. Windo la kuyezga lili na malo ghambura kuwoneka gha T (kuyezga) na malo gha C (kulaŵilira) pambere mundachite mayeso. Pa nyengo iyo sampulo yakuchizgika yikaŵikika mu mbuna ya sampulo pa chipangizo, maji ghazamujumpha pa mzere wakuyezgeka na kuchita na ma antibodies gha monoclonal agho ghali kuŵikika pakwamba. Usange muli antigen ya AIV mu chiyelezgero, mzere wa T wakuwoneka uzamuwoneka. Mzere wa C ukwenera kuwoneka nyengo zose para sampulo yaŵikika, iyo yikulongora kuti chakufumapo chakwenelera. Mwa nthowa iyi, chipangizo ichi chingalongora makora usange pali antigen ya virus ya Influenza mu chiyelezgero.